Other contributions included technological and scientific innovations via the Silk Road, including Chinese inventions such as paper and gunpowder. Translation of Arabic philosophical texts into Latin 'led to the transformation of almost all philosophical disciplines in the medieval Latin world', with a particularly strong influence of Muslim philosophers being felt in natural philosophy, psychology and metaphysics.
These included Latin translations of the Greek Classics and of Arabic texts in astronomy, mathematics, science, and medicine. ĭuring the high medieval period, the Islamic world was at its cultural peak, supplying information and ideas to Europe, via Al-Andalus, Sicily and the Crusader kingdoms in the Levant. A Christian and a Muslim playing chess, illustration from the Book of Games of Alfonso X (c.
